All-Sports Library (1905-1906): “Five Big Cents of Reading” about “Clean Sports” and the “Life Strenuous”

The dime novel, like all subgenres of cheap or pulp fiction, enjoys a reputation comparable to the chapbook in the history of young people’s reading.  The story goes that no good can come of consuming them, but they will be devoured.  There is at least one shining light in the mounds of trash: All-Sports Library (February 11, 1905- March 3, 1906), with its “best tales of athletic sports” supposed to “teach the American boy to become an athlete and lay the foundation of a constitution greater than that of the United States….This love for the ‘life strenuous’ is making itself manifest… Recognizing the ‘handwriting on the wall,’  we have concluded that the time has arrived to give this vast army of young enthusiasts a publication devoted exclusively to invigorating out-door life.”This nickel weekly with its big color cover ($2.50 per year) was published by Street & Smith on 7th Avenue in Manhattan, which poured out cheap paperbacks, weekly magazines, and comic books from 1888 until 1959, when it was bought by Condé Nast (Shown above, volume 1, no. 1. Cotsen RCPXC-9721333 Story papers).  All but two of the 30,000-word stories in its 56 issues were written by John H. Whitson under the name of Maurice Stevens.  He was probably paid by the word.

The hero of  All-Sports Library was a boy from a small town in New England: JACK LIGHTFOOT, the best all-round athlete in Cranford or vicinity, keen of eye, clean of speech, and, after he had conquered a few of his faults, possessed of a faculty for doing things while others were talking, by degrees caused him to be looked upon as the natural leader in all the sports Young American delights in—a boy who in learning to conquer himself put the power into his hands to wrest victory from others.

The list of Jack’s adventures in All-Sports Library from number 16 to 50.

At the beginning of the run, Jack and his band of steadfast friends could be found playing the national sports of  baseball and football, branching out into lesser diversions such as hockey and trapshooting. Occasionally Jack’s leadership abilities were engaged by a mutiny by his team in the gym or foul play by the opposing team.  As the year 1905 progressed, Whitson, aka “Maurice Stevens” was obliged to go farther afield to keep his readers’ interest alive. On a winter hunting trip, the intrepid Jack brought down multiple bull moose with his favorite firearm.  The story was supplemented with a timely column by “An Old Athlete,” who was responsible for the feature “How to Do Things:” instructions and pointers on the construction of  snowshoes at home. Did All-Sports Library scrupulously exclude the ladies from its clubhouse?  Not entirely–their enthusiastic presence during games, cheering on the sidelines kept morale high.  Pretty sisters in distress provided the manly and virtuous Jack the opportunity to come to their rescue.  Kate, of the thick tresses and flashing eyes, accidentally encountered on her way home a young man under the influence of alcohom, who tried to obtain a nonconsenual kiss. This unhappy incident has been abridged to omit the passage where Jack disarms Buck of a wickedly sharp knife before it can be used on him. But not without a struggle to master his rage when he wants to turn the knife on Kate’s assailant.
Contrary to the conclusions that could be drawn from the scene above, Kate was no wilting flower.  She was a plucky girl, more than capable of coming to Jack’s rescue when he found himself at a disadvantage in some encounter. Every issue a number of young subscribers wrote in to the editor. “Jack Lightfoot the Second” in Elizabeth, New Jersey wrote about his sister Beth, who was his best friend and preferred playmate. Among the things they did together was retreat to his den and read the weekly.  “Maurice Stevens” was praised to the skies, naturally.  Considerable anxiety was expressed over height and weight: subscribers were always submitting their vital statistics to the editor in order to find out if they were too thin, too fat, or  too short for their ages. Others cheerfully confessed that they were real bookworms and testified that All-Sports Library was their all-time favorite (their dads read every issue cover to cover).  True fans kept all their issues of All-Sports Library in a binder.  To the right is a specimen of a rousing cheer for the magazine. The uniform tone and style of the letters is somewhat suspicious: either they were rewritten into conformity or some member of the editorial staff created them out of whole cloth.  Is it a coincidence that this letter suggesting that readers would really like to hear about Jack’s experiences at boarding school appeared before the scene shifted to his new school, where the older boys subjected him to hazing, going so far as to tie him to a railroad track (he was able to loosen his bonds and escape before the train came down the tracks).In March 1906, subscribers were notified that their favorite weekly was going to be suspended and consolidated with Tip Top Weekly, where they would be treated to the farther adventures of the peerless Frank Merriwell and his friends.  But this was not the end of Jack Lightfoot and his jolly bunch. Waste not, want not, must have been a byword at Smith and Streeter, because the content of All-Sports Library was recycled in three additional publications: the New Medal Library, Sports Stories, and Round the World Library.

 

Disney’s Snow White: Thinking about the Brand

Disney released Snow White, the latest live-action remake of one of the studio’s classic animated films last weekend, with the controversy about the leading ladies’ political differences  still simmering.  (Rachel Zegler [Snow White] and Gal Gadot [Queen] appear in civilian clothes on the right.)  The flurry of commentaries seemed more or less agreed that the House of Mouse was trying to force a poison apple down the public’s throat. The likelihood of successfully updating this particular fairy tale for the 21st century seemed doubtful because it has as many problems as Sleeping Beauty, with a passive princess awakened with a nonconsensual kiss after a century of slumber. The box office take last weekend dropped significantly.

Zegler as Snow White and the dwarves, who were not played by actors with the syndrome but created by through a combination of techniques including C. G. I.

For Disney, the top priority has to be sustaining the brand with periodical reinvention of its classics.  Reviewers who are under the spell of Disney magic point out that the studio must create for a new generation the experience of seeing the original in new dress because of its investment in theme parks, merchandise, etc.  The business logic is impeccable, but the strategy never would have been possible if Disney had not availed itself of stories in the public domain and then taken their commodification to  new levels.

Adriana Caselotti, the voice of Snow White, posing with the book that figures in the opening sequence. She was not credited in the film.

Watch the 1937 original Snow White and it’s clear as the nose on a dwarf’s face that transforming a sparely worded 10-page story into an 84-minute film requires sacrificing good scenes,expanding the action and elaborating details out of whole cloth.   Adding and subtracting has always central to the Disney approach to adaptation and sometimes it’s good, sometimes it’s mixed.  Hard to argue with eliminating Grimm’s quiet opening of the queen embroidering during a snowfall and beginning with the brooding spirit in the magic mirror telling the stunning evil queen what she never expected to hear.   A few details in Grimm allowed Disney to spin the vertiginous scene of Snow White running through the dark woods.  Grimm briefly describes how the queen crossed the mountains to find her stepdaughter at the dwarves’ cottage, while in the film the crone punts down the misty river with the vultures watching overhead.  Probably few people would object to the last change.

The ”liberties” the Disney team took in the famous scenes that frightened children work brilliantly because they are true to the story’s spirit and structure; the ones in the scenes with Snow White haven’t aged as well, because of the way the nonhuman is domesticated by sentimentality and physical humor.  (That’s my take).
The superfluity of birds and mammals Disney added  have rounded, juvenile features that make their faces sweeter than they would be in nature.  At Snow White’s bidding they wash the dishes and do the laundry and no one thinks of biting anyone else.  Grimm’s “good little dwarves’” are transformed into a band of comically dim, bearded sidekicks in need of civilizing by the good little mother and housewife Snow White.  These miners couldn’t hold their own in Middle Earth or Discworld because their dwarvishness has dwindled away to next to nothing.The collection has a nice selection of merchandise for the original animated film, marked in prominent places that it is authorized merchandise. All of them except one appeared in 1938 on the wake of the film’s release.

Whitman Publishing Company issued a 280-page retelling of the fairy tale by the “Staff of the Walt Disney Studios based on the Walt Disney Motion Picture” in the Big Little Book series (Cotsen 87872).  Printed on acid paper that is brown and brittle, the  illustrations were printed with such a coarse screen that the dots are quite visible.  The quality of the cover art on the binding is much better, and the Queen is featured on the spine and the back board.The dwarves were featured on a get-well-soon card published by White and Wycoff.  Cotsen’s  copy is annotated by “B. W.” (presumably the giver) and Snow White has been identified over her head as “Teacher” (Cotsen 37944).   On the inside, Snow White is sitting in bed underneath a patchwork quilt with the dwarves lined up at the foot of the bed.  Could the art have been adapted from the scene where the dwarves build her a bed that was cut in the final version? Carrochio the Italian publisher in Milan produced an activity book,”Biancaneve ei sette nani,” complete with a detailed backdrop, props, and multiple figures with stands (Cotsen 40143). Snow White’s iconic gown on the cover is blue, when it should have a yellow skirt and a blue bodice.  The Queen isn’t anywhere in the sheets of cut-outs, which means it is impossible to tell the entire story.  Little dramatists would have to cut directly from the merrymaking after dinner to the arrival of the prince on horseback.If Snow White were not such a good little housekeeper, there would have been no Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Recipe Book  (Cotsen 15526), courtesy of Armour, who sold canned ox tongue, boiled beef, corned beef, and ham under its “Veribest label.”  The back story is Snow White discovers a large supply of corned beef in the cupboard and promises to show the dwarves all the ways she can prepare it if they will teach her how to make their favorite dishes (mostly versions of hash).  Some fresh vegetables besides potatoes are used in some of the recipes.  Sneezy has to be reminded of the principles of good hygiene in the kitchen and Grumpy has to turn it into a contest of who is the best cook–him  or the princess. Disney could not resist promoting the art of the film in the Sketch Book published by Collins dedicated to the “eternal spirit of childhood in all of us” (Cotsen 4999).  For each character, the color plate tipped onto thick brown paper is followed by three to four pages of reproductions of original sketches, with brief descriptions of the leading characteristics.  One of the surprises in the stacks was a set of Snow White cards published in China (Cotsen 94564).  The illustrations are redrawn from the studio renderings and must be an unauthorized use.  Sometimes the mighty Disney lawyers are caught napping. Disney’s stream of live-action remakes of its classic animated films demonstrates that  truly great tales can’t be obliterated by heel and toe chopping, the addition of all kinds of business to the script, or a stream of products children never knew they needed until…   All the relentless activity of the last 84 years might suggest a quiet read of the Grimms to reacquaint ourselves with the story that started it all.  It has to be an improvement over the project Disney abandoned to make Kung Fu version…